Syntax:
<pre property=”value” property=”value”>
contents of the pre formatted element
</pre>

Valid Properties:
1. width The width attribute is used to set the width of the pre-formatted region. The value of this attribute should be the largest / maximum number of characters that appear on a single line of the contents of the <pre> element. However, in prectice, this property is available only under the Transitional HTML versions.
2. xml:space This property is included in the XHTML 1.0 specification and is used to set whether spaces need to be preserved within the <pre>…</pre> tags or whether the default white space handling should be employed. In practice, this attribute is not used. The only allowe value for this property is “preserve”.

Other properties for the <pre> element include the following common properties – class, dir, id, lang, style, title.

Refer to  Common Properties page for details of these properties.

Example:
<pre>
1
121
12321
1234321
12321
121
1
</pre>

Notes:
1. Under the Transitional HTML and XHTML versions, the use of <applet>, <basefont>, <big>, <font>, <img>, <object>, <small>, <sub> and <sup> HTML elements is denied within the <pre> element.
2. Under the Strict HTML and XHTML versions, only the <big>, <img>, <object>, <small>, <sub> and <sup> HTML elements are denied usage within the <pre> element.
3. Strict HTML and XHTML do not support the width attribute.
4. HTML 2.0 and HTML 3.2 support only the width property for the <pre> element.
5. The most essential point to note is that though <pre> element is not supposed to contain many HTML elements, the browsers do not obey this rule and will render almost all of the HTML elements even if they are enclosed within the <pre> element.

Syntax:
<p property=”value” property=”value” …>
Paragraph Contents
</p>

Valid Properties:
The properties supported by the <p> element are as -
1. align This property sets the horizontal alignment of the contents of the paragraph. The possible values are any one from – center, left, right and justify. Note that the align property is supported only in the Transitional Version of the HTML. In Strict versions and XHTML, this is to be implemented using the Style Sheets.

Other properties for the <p> element include the following common properties – class, dir, id, lang, style, title.

Refer to  Common Properties page for details of these properties.

Example:
<p align=”center”> This is a sample paragraph text to display the fact that the paragraph content is not indented via HTML. One has to use Style Sheets and / or HTML special Characters to get the first line of text indented as in any normal paragraph. Also note that when a paragraph element is used, it automatically inserts a blankline after the content of the paragraph. The paragraph element is a closed tag and as such you have to use the normal closing method for the paragraph element.</p>

Notes:
1. As <p> is a block level element, browsers typically insert a blank line. But this can be changed in case you are using Style Sheets.
2. Under Strict HTML and XHTML, there is no support for the align property and this is implemented using Style Sheets.
3. The indention of the first line of the paragraph is also handled using Style Sheets.
4. Though </p> is optional under the HTML, it is always advisable to end the paragraph with the </p> as this indicates the logical end of a paragraph. Also, XHTML requires that the <p> element must have a matching </p> to close off the <p> element.
5. Just as multiple consecutive spaces and other whitespaces are rendered as a single space or white space character, consecutive empty paragraph elements are rendered as a single paragraph on mots browsers. As such, avoid using paragraph element to insert blank lines in the document. In case you need blank lines, use the <br /> element.
6. HTML 3.2 does not support justify value for the align property.
7. HTML 2.0 does not support any property for the <p> element.

Syntax:
<h1 property=”value” property=”value” …> The actual Heading </h1>

Note: Though the above starts with h1, any of the heading elements can be put here and the same heading level should be used to close the heading element.

Valid Properties:
1. align    This property is used to set the horizontal alignment of the heading with reference to the current margins. The possible value that can be used for this property  is any one from – left, right, center or justify.

Apart from the above, the headings also have the common properties that can be set. Refer to the common properties page for an explanation of them.

Example:
<h1 align=”center” title=”Sample Heading 1″> This is the Heading number 1</h1>

Notes:
1. In most implementations, heading numbers correspond inversely with the 6 font sizes supported by the <font> element. While, <h1> corresponds to font size 6, <h6> corresponds to font size 1. The default font size on most web browsers is 3. However, in modern times, it is preferred to use the Style Sheets to set the font sizes and other presentational features.

2. The align property of the headings is only available in Transitional version of HTML. However, HTML 3.0 supports only the align property and HTML 2.0 does not support any attributes for the headings.

Syntax:
<div property=”value” property=”value” …. >
contents of the div
</div>

Valid Properties:
The <div> element has the following properties -
1. align The align property is used to align the contents within the div. The possible values are any one from the set – right, left, center, justify.

Other properties for the <div> element include the following common properties – class, dir, id, lang, style, title.

Refer to  Common Properties page for details of these properties.

Example:
<div align=”center”> This is a sample piece of text that is placed inside a div but is aligned at the center of the page as the megings of the div are yet to be set.</div>

Notes:
1. <div> element is a generic block tag and is very useful for binding scripts and/or styles to a section of the document. It complements the <span> element which is an inline element .
2. HTML 4.01 Strict version specification does not support the align attribute. So it should be used only with the Transitional version of HTML.
3. HTML 3.2 supports only the align property for the <div> element.

Syntax:
<center property=”value” property=”value” …. >
content to be centered
</center>

Valid Properties:
The <center> element has the following properties -
1. class
2. dir
3. id
4. lang
5. style
6. title

Refer to  Common Properties page for details of these properties.

Example:
<center> This is a sample piece of text that is placed at the center of the page.</center>

Notes:
1. <center> element was defined by W3C as a shorthand notation for <div align=”center”>
2. Strict versions of the HTML and XHTML do not include the <center> element. The <center> element is deprecated and CSS is used to aligne the contents anywhere on the page.
3. HTML 3.2 does not support any properties for the <center> element.

Syntax:
<blockquote property=”value” property=”value” …. >
quotation
</blockquote>

Valid Properties:
The <blockquote> element has the following properties -
1. cite This property is used to specify the name of the url from where the quotation has been referred to. Note that this value (url) is not displayed on the page. It gets displayed only when one views the page source.

Other properties include the class, dir, id, lang, style and title.

Refer to  Common Properties page for details of these properties.

Example:
<blockquote cite=”http://www.xyzcompany.com/a.htm”> This is a sample quotaion that I have borrowed from a friend’s site </blockquote>

Notes:
1. HTML 2.0 and HTML 3.0 do not support any attributes for the <blockquote> element.
2. Some browsers understand the <bq> shorthand notation. However, as the number of these browsers is less, the <bq> should be avoided and the <blockquote> element should be used.

Syntax:
<address property=”value” property=”value” … />
address of the author of the document goes here
</address>

Valid Properties:
The <address> element supports the following properties -
1. class
2. dir
3. id
4. lang
5. style
6. title

See the common properties page for details on the use of these properties.

Example:
<address id=”address” title=”Address of Author”>
B/6 Saheed Nagar,<br />
Bhubaneswar.<br />
</address>

Notes:
1. Under HTML 2.0 and 3.2 the <address> element does not have any property.
2. The address is displayed in Italics by most browsers if no CSS is applied.

Syntax:
<style property=”value” property=”value”…>
<!– Comment out the actual style sheet
Style Sheet Here
–>
</style>

Valid Properties:
1. media The media property is used to specify the destination medium for the style information. The value of this property can be a single media descriptor like “screen” or a comma separated list. The allowed values for this property are – all, aural, braille, print, projection, screen, tty, tv.
2. type The type property is used to define the type of stylesheet. The value of this attribute should be the MIME type of the Stylesheet language used. The most common value for this property is “text/css” which indicates a Cascading Style Sheet format.
3. Other Properties include – dir, lan, id, title, xml:space.

Notes:
1. The style information can also be specified in external style sheets and in such a case the <link /> tag has to be used to get these stylesheets into the document.
2. Style information can also be associated with a particular element using the style attribute of the element.
3. Style rules should be commented out within the <style> tag to avoid wrong interpretation by non conforming browsers.

Syntax:
<script property=”value” property=”value” … >
<!–    Start Commenting for non script aware browsers
Place your script here
// –>
</script>

Valid Properties:
1. charset The default character set to be specified here is ISO-8859-1
2. defer This property indicates that the browser might defer or delay the execution of this script. In practice, deferring code might be more dependent on the position of the  <script> tag or contents. Support for this property is inconsistent and as such this property should be rarely used. If used, however, this property has a value of defer. So if you plan to use this property then you use it as defer=”defer”.
3. language This property specifies the language that is being used in the script. This can be JavaScript or VBScript or any other client side scripting language.
4. src This property specifies the URL of the script code. This is specially useful when the script is placed in an external file and needs to be imported into the document.  In most cases, you will be writing the JavaScript code with a .js extension. In such a case the Web Server will automatically attach a MIME TYPE; if not then you will have to use the TYPE attribute to explicitly set the content type of the external script file.
5. type The type attribute is used to set the MIME Type corresponding to the scripting language used. For JavaScript this will be “text/javascript”. In practice, the language attribute is more common way to indicate which scripting language is in effect but the type attribute is standard.
6. xml:space This property is included in the X+HTML 1.0 specification and is used to set whether spaces need to be preserved within the <script>…</script> tags or whether the default white space handling should be employed. In practice, this attribute is not used.
Apart from the above mentioned properties, the <script> element also supports the id attribute.

Examples:
<script type=”text/javascript”>
<!– Hide the script from non Java Script enabled browsers
alert(“Hello”);
// –>
</script>

<script language=”JavaScript 1.2″ src=”superball.js”></script>

Explanation:
In the first example, the script is written inside the <script> tags. The script is commented in the second line so that the browsers that are not javascript enabled do not show the code as a part of the web page. alert is a javascript function. Note that the ending of the comments in the fourth line is // –> and not –>. This is done because after the script starts, it will treat everything as javascript code and as –> is not javascript code, it has to be commented out the Javascript way. The // in javascript indicate comments. So anything following the // will not be treated by javascript.

In the second example, the src property is used to specify the url of an external JavaScript file. Note that in such a case, there is no content inside the <script> element.

Syntax:
<link property=”value” property=”value”…  />

Valid Properties:
1. charset This property specifies the character-set used by the linked document. Allowed values are character-set names (such as EUC-JP) as defined in the RFC 2045.
2. class This property is used to set the class for this <link /> element. The value is a user-define class name.
3. dir This property is used to define the direction of text in the linked document. The possible values are rtl(right-to-left) or ltr(left-to-right).
4. href This property specifies the URL of the linked resource. This may be an absolute or relative url name containing the linked document.
5. hreflang This property indicates the language of the linked resource. This is specified in a two letter language code for the language used in the linked resource.
6. id This property is used to associate a user defined identifier with this <link /> tag and this can be used by CSS or scripts at a later point in the document.
7. lang This property is used to define the languages using a two-letter code that is used in the link.
8. media This property specifies the destination medium for any linked style medium as indicated when the rel property (described next) is set to style sheet. The possible values for the media property are any one from – aural, braille, print, projection, screen, other or all.
9. rel This property names a relation between the linked document and the current document. Possible values include any of – alternate, bookmark, chapter, contents, copyright, glossary, help, index, next, prev, section, start, stylesheet or subsection.
10. rev This property shows the relationship of the current document to the external linked resource as defined by the href property. The rev property defines the reverse relationship compare to the value of the rel property. The possible values are similar to the rel property (see above).
11. style This property can contain any valid CSS statement that needs to be implemented in the link tag.
12. target This property sets the frame name in which the linked resource will be loaded. This property can have a value of a frame name (if frames are used in the document). This property is used in Transitional HTML only.
13. title This is used to display the text that gets displayed beneath the mouse poinetr when it hovers over the linked resource.
14. type This property is used to define the type of content linked to. The value of this property should be a MIME type such as text/html or text/css. The common use of this property is to define the type of style sheet linked and the most common value is text/css which indicates the CSS format.

Example:
<link href=”products.htm” rel=”parent” />
<link href=”headstyle.css” rel=”stylesheet” type=”text/css” media=”all” />

Notes:
1. The <link /> element can appear only in the <head> section, however there can be multiple occurances of the <link /> tag in the document.
2. HTML 3.2 defines only the href, rel, rev and title attributes for the <link /> tag.
3. The most common use of the <link /> tag is to include and link the external Style Sheets. As such, the most common use of the rel property is to specify a link to the external stylesheet and the href attribute sets the url of this external Style Sheet.